So we will follow these steps:. So firstly we need dataset to train our model, the dataset we will be using in this is yawn-eye-dataset, you can download the dataset from the link: Driver Drowsiness Detection Dataset.
So, to create a model first we have to set a path to our dataset. When you open the dataset you see there are four subfolders inside train and test folders. From those four folders we only need open and closed folders to train our model on. And after setting the path we will preprocess the images and perform certain operations so that it will be ready for our training. CNN is a type of deep neural network which performs very accurately and efficiently for image classification.
Convolutional Neural Network consists of input layer, output layer, and hidden layers. So this operation is performed on these hidden layers using a filter that performs 2D matrix multiplication on the layers.
It can then proceed to set a global variable to tell all the other processes that the file is still open and go on with its life. So we will use tail -f to keep the file open in the background, while trying to access it with another process again in the background, so that we need not switch to a different vt.
This is important so users can, for example, kill the process before it receives the file. There is one more point to remember. The kernel is supposed to respond by returning with the error code -EAGAIN from operations which would otherwise block, such as opening the file in this example.
Sometimes one thing should happen before another within a module having multiple threads. In the following example two threads are started, but one needs to start before another. The machine structure stores the completion states for the two threads. If processes running on different CPUs or in different threads try to access the same memory, then it is possible that strange things can happen or your system can lock up.
To avoid this, various types of mutual exclusion kernel functions are available. These indicate if a section of code is "locked" or "unlocked" so that simultaneous attempts to run it can not happen. You can use kernel mutexes mutual exclusions in much the same manner that you might deploy them in userland.
This may be all that is needed to avoid collisions in most cases. The example here is "irq safe" in that if interrupts happen during the lock then they will not be forgotten and will activate when the unlock happens, using the flags variable to retain their state. Read and write locks are specialised kinds of spinlocks so that you can exclusively read from something or write to something.
Like the earlier spinlocks example, the one below shows an "irq safe" situation in which if other functions were triggered from irqs which might also read and write to whatever you are concerned with then they would not disrupt the logic.
As before it is a good idea to keep anything done within the lock as short as possible so that it does not hang up the system and cause users to start revolting against the tyranny of your module.
If you are doing simple arithmetic: adding, subtracting or bitwise operations, then there is another way in the multi-CPU and multi-hyperthreaded world to stop other parts of the system from messing with your mojo. By using atomic operations you can be confident that your addition, subtraction or bit flip did actually happen and was not overwritten by some other shenanigans.
An example is shown below. Before the C11 standard adopts the built-in atomic types, the kernel already provided a small set of atomic types by using a bunch of tricky architecture-specific codes.
Implementing the atomic types by C11 atomics may allow the kernel to throw away the architecture-specific codes and letting the kernel code be more friendly to the people who understand the standard. For further details, see:. That is true for developing kernel modules. But in actual use, you want to be able to send messages to whichever tty the command to load the module came from. Then, we look inside that tty structure to find a pointer to a string write function, which we use to write a string to the tty.
In certain conditions, you may desire a simpler and more direct way to communicate to the external world. Flashing keyboard LEDs can be such a solution: It is an immediate way to attract attention or to display a status condition.
Keyboard LEDs are present on every hardware, they are always visible, they do not need any setup, and their use is rather simple and non-intrusive, compared to writing to a tty or a file. From v4. Also, the function prototype of the callback, containing a unsigned long argument, will prevent work from any type checking. Furthermore, the function prototype with unsigned long argument may be an obstacle to the control-flow integrity.
Thus, it is better to use a unique prototype to separate from the cluster that takes an unsigned long argument. Before Linux v4. Since Linux v4. One of the reasons why API was changed is it need to coexist with the old version interface.
The following source code illustrates a minimal kernel module which, when loaded, starts blinking the keyboard LEDs until it is unloaded. If none of the examples in this chapter fit your debugging needs, there might yet be some other tricks to try. If you activate that you get low level access to the serial port. If you find yourself porting the kernel to some new and former unsupported architecture, this is usually amongst the first things that should be implemented.
Logging over a netconsole might also be worth a try. While you have seen lots of stuff that can be used to aid debugging here, there are some things to be aware of. Debugging is almost always intrusive. Adding debug code can change the situation enough to make the bug seem to disappear. Thus, you should keep debug code to a minimum and make sure it does not show up in production code. There are two main ways of running tasks: tasklets and work queues.
Tasklets are a quick and easy way of scheduling a single function to be run. For example, when triggered from an interrupt, whereas work queues are more complicated but also better suited to running multiple things in a sequence.
Here is an example tasklet module. So with this example loaded dmesg should show:. Although tasklet is easy to use, it comes with several defators, and developers are discussing about getting rid of tasklet in linux kernel. The tasklet callback runs in atomic context, inside a software interrupt, meaning that it cannot sleep or access user-space data, so not all work can be done in a tasklet handler. Also, the kernel only allows one instance of any given tasklet to be running at any given time; multiple different tasklet callbacks can run in parallel.
In recent kernels, tasklets can be replaced by workqueues, timers, or threaded interrupts. To add a task to the scheduler we can use a workqueue. Except for the last chapter, everything we did in the kernel so far we have done as a response to a process asking for it, either by dealing with a special file, sending an ioctl , or issuing a system call. But the job of the kernel is not just to respond to process requests. Another job, which is every bit as important, is to speak to the hardware connected to the machine.
The first type is when the CPU gives orders to the hardware, the order is when the hardware needs to tell the CPU something. The second, called interrupts, is much harder to implement because it has to be dealt with when convenient for the hardware, not the CPU.
Hardware devices typically have a very small amount of RAM, and if you do not read their information when available, it is lost. A short IRQ is one which is expected to take a very short period of time, during which the rest of the machine will be blocked and no other interrupts will be handled. A long IRQ is one which can take longer, and during which other interrupts may occur but not interrupts from the same device. If at all possible, it is better to declare an interrupt handler to be long.
When the CPU receives an interrupt, it stops whatever it is doing unless it is processing a more important interrupt, in which case it will deal with this one only when the more important one is done , saves certain parameters on the stack and calls the interrupt handler. This means that certain things are not allowed in the interrupt handler itself, because the system is in an unknown state. Linux kernel solves the problem by splitting interrupt handling into two parts.
The first part executes right away and masks the interrupt line. Hardware interrupts must be handled quickly, and that is why we need the second part to handle the heavy work deferred from an interrupt handler. Softirq and its higher level abstraction, Tasklet , replace BH since Linux 2. In practice IRQ handling can be a bit more complex. Hardware is often designed in a way that chains two interrupt controllers, so that all the IRQs from interrupt controller B are cascaded to a certain IRQ from interrupt controller A.
Of course, that requires that the kernel finds out which IRQ it really was afterwards and that adds overhead. To take advantage of them requires handlers to be written in assembler, so they do not really fit into the kernel. They can be made to work similar to the others, but after that procedure, they are no longer any faster than "common" IRQs. SMP enabled kernels running on systems with more than one processor need to solve another truckload of problems.
People still interested in more details, might want to refer to "APIC" now. Usually there is a certain number of IRQs available. How many IRQs there are is hardware-dependent. This function will only succeed if there is not already a handler on this IRQ, or if you are both willing to share.
Attaching buttons to those and then having a button press do something is a classic case in which you might need to use interrupts, so that instead of having the CPU waste time and battery power polling for a change in input state, it is better for the input to trigger the CPU to then run a particular handling function. You can change those numbers to whatever is appropriate for your board. Suppose you want to do a bunch of stuff inside of an interrupt routine. A common way to do that without rendering the interrupt unavailable for a significant duration is to combine it with a tasklet.
This pushes the bulk of the work off into the scheduler. The example below modifies the previous example to also run an additional task when an interrupt is triggered. At the dawn of the internet, everybody trusted everybody completely…but that did not work out so well. When this guide was originally written, it was a more innocent era in which almost nobody actually gave a damn about crypto - least of all kernel developers. That is certainly no longer the case now.
To handle crypto stuff, the kernel has its own API enabling common methods of encryption, decryption and your favourite hash functions.
Calculating and checking the hashes of things is a common operation. Here is a demonstration of how to calculate a sha hash within a kernel module. GearScore Addon that allows you to see Gearscore 1 2 3 4 5. Atlasloot Enhanced A UI mod, allowing for loot tables of bosses to be browsed whenever needed within the game. Deadly Boss Mods useful in a way that it alerts you on when a Boss begins to cast certain spells or use certain skills, so that you know when to move, counter, stop damage, run away, etc.
Bagnon Bagnon merges all of your bags into three windows: inventory, bank and guild bank. Quest Helper Questhelper tells you how to finish your quests in the easiest, fastest manner. Gatherer An addon for herbalists, miners and treasure hunters. Bartender4 A full Action Bar replacement mod.
Quartz A modular approach to a casting bar. Auctioneer suite provides you with the tools and data necessary to make those difficult auctioning decisions with ease. MikScrollingBattleText is designed to be an extremely lightweight, efficient, and highly configurable mod that makes it easier to see combat information by scrolling the information on the screen in separate. This download comes with two Theme packages Neon and Grey , but many alternatives are available at 1 2 3 4 5.
Auctionator makes the auction house easier to use. Postal offers enhanced mailbox support. Carbonite A multi feature addon developed by game industry veterans to improve and enhance the game playing experience of World of Warcraft. Healbot Continued A massively supportive addon for healers, as it can do numerous amounts of helpful little tricks.
MoveAnything Enables you to move, scale, hide and adjust transparency of just about any screen element. Crap Away Sells all useless gray items in your bags whenever you visit a merchant. Skada Damage meter A modular damage meter with various viewing modes. For more Skada addons vist this 1 2 3 4 5. NeedToKnow lets you monitor specific buffs, debuffs, cooldowns, and totems as timer bars that always appear in a consistent place on your screen.
Gladius adds enemy unit frames to arenas for easier targeting and focusing. For more gladius addons go to 1 2 3 4 5. NPCScan tracks seldom-seen rare mobs by proximity alone. SexyMap Make your minimap ubersexah! SexyMap is a minimap awesomification mod. Damage displays the calculated damage or healing of abilities with talents, gear and buffs included on your actionbar buttons.
Addon Control Panel It allows you to manage your addons in game, with an interface which looks similar to the blizzard addon manager. LoseControl makes it easy to see the duration of crowd control spells by displaying them in a dedicated icon onscreen.
Pally Power Shows paladin's which buffs to use so they don't overlap. Event Alert Notify's you in the middle of your screen with an icon, name of the spell that has procced, the time left on the proc and will make a subtle sound. InterruptBar A basic mod that tracks enemy interrupt abilities on a neat little bar. Auto Repair automaticaly repairs all your items when you visit a vendor with repair ability.
Mapster A very simple world map enhacement addon, which was designed to work in conjunction with all other map addons out there.
Shadowed Unit Frames focuses on a simple configuration while maintaining the flexibility that most users will care about, preventing unnecessary bloating of the addon that sacrifices performance. Cooldown Count A viable replacement for Cooldowns addon. GTFO provides an audible alert when you're standing in something you're not supposed to be standing in. Dominos A custom actionbar mod. Rating buster The design aim of RatingBuster is to provide detailed, meaningful and customizable information about items so you can easily decide for yourself which item is better.
Decursive Decursive supports all classes with cleansing abilities and configures itself automatically, it works straight out of the box, no configuration is required. Outfitter fast access to multiple outfits to optimize your abilities in PvE and PvP. Spy scans for enemy players and announces their presence when they are detected.
Chatter A comprehensive, lightweight, mega-configurable chat enhancement addon. TomTom is your personal navigation assistant. NugComboBar Class resource tracking. XLoot Providing a large array of options to change how loot is presented, as well as allowing you to use Masque or ButtonFacade Skins, XLoot's job is to make looting more functional while still having a better form.
OneBag3 The latest in a long line of bag replacements for the default game bags that will combine all of your bags into one frame. IceHUD Player and target health and mana bars, casting and mirror bars, pet health and mana bars, druid mana bar in forms, extensive target info, ToT display, and much more.
Sell O Matic As simple as going near a merchant and opening their trade window, then you can click on the sell button money icon. Details here.
Relive the birth of the World of Warcraft saga, level at an accelerated pace, and take on more challenging bosses in WoW Classic Season of Mastery, included with your WoW subscription. Skip to Main Content Skip to Footer. Overwatch League. Log In. Races Classes Talents. Warcraft Lore. Arena World Championship. Mythic Dungeon International. To return to the Eligibility Summary screen, hit the "Back to Subscriber Information" button at the bottom of the Dependent Detail screen.
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